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Thursday 29 September 2011

THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR INTERVIEW Questions 2

Why the exciting current of induction motor is so high as compared to the power transformer?
Unlike that of a power transformer, the magnetic circuit of the induction motor has an air-gap. Therefore, the exciting current of induction motor (3O to 4O% of full-load current) is much higher than that of the power transformer. Consequently, the exact equivalent circuit must be used for accurate results.

How transformation ratio of induction motor is different as compared to power transformer?
In a transformer, the windings are concentrated whereas in an induction motor, the windings are distributed. This affects the transformation ratio.
Why it is required to start 3-Phase Induction Motors?
The induction motor is fundamentally a transformer in which the stator is the primary and the rotor is short-circuited secondary. At starting, the voltage induced in the induction motor rotor is maximum ( s = 1). Since the rotor impedance is low, the rotor current is excessively large. This large rotor current is reflected in the stator because of transformer action. This results in high starting current (4 to 1O times the full-load current) in the stator at low power factor and consequently the value of starting torque is low. Because of the short duration, this value of large current does not harm the motor if the motor accelerates normally.
What is the effect of staring of induction motor on connected line?
Large starting current will produce large line-voltage drop. This will adversely affect the operation of other electrical equipment connected to the same lines. Therefore, it is desirable and necessary to reduce the magnitude of stator current at starting and several methods are available for this purpose.
Please describe the Methods of Starting 3-Phase Induction Motors?
The common methods used to start induction motors are:
(i) Direct-on-line starting (ii) Stator resistance starting
(iii) Autotransformer starting (iv) Star-delta starting
(v) Rotor resistance starting



How slip ring motors are started?
Slip ring motors are invariably started by rotor resistance starting.
What is Direct-on-line starting of induction motor?
This method of starting in just what the name implies the motor is started by connecting it directly to 3-phase supply. The impedance of the motor at standstill is relatively low and when it is directly connected to the supply system, the starting current will be high (4 to 1O times the full-load current) and at a low power factor. Consequently, this method of starting is suitable for relatively small (up to 7.5 kW) machines.
Does starting torque is higher than full load torque?
No, starting current is as large as five times the full-load current but starting torque is just equal to the full-load torque. Therefore, starting current is very high and the starting torque is comparatively low. If this large starting current flows for a long time, it may overheat the motor and damage the insulation.
What is Stator resistance starting method?
In this method, external resistances are connected in series with each phase of stator winding during starting. This causes voltage drop across the resistances so that voltage available across motor terminals is reduced and hence the starting current. The starting resistances are gradually cut out in steps (two or more steps) from the stator circuit as the motor picks up speed. When the motor attains rated speed, the resistances are completely cut out and full line voltage is applied to the rotor.
Why Stator resistance starting is not recommended?
 
This method suffers from two drawbacks. First, the reduced voltage applied to the motor during the starting period lowers the starting torque and hence increases the accelerating time. Secondly, a lot of power is wasted in the starting resistances. Therefore, this method is used for starting small motors only.
What is Autotransformer starting method?
This method also aims at connecting the induction motor to a reduced supply at starting and then connecting it to the full voltage as the motor picks up sufficient speed. Fig. shows the circuit arrangement for autotransformer starting.
clip_image002
The tapping on the autotransformer is so set that when it is in the circuit, 65% to 8O% of line voltage is applied to the motor.
At the instant of starting, the change-over switch is thrown to “start” position. This puts the autotransformer in the circuit and thus reduced voltage is applied to the circuit. Consequently, starting current is limited to safe value. When the motor attains about 8O% of normal speed, the changeover switch is thrown to “run” position. This takes out the autotransformer from the circuit and puts the motor to full line voltage.

 
What are the advantages of Autotransformer starting?
Autotransformer starting has several advantages like low power loss, low starting current and less radiated heat. For large machines (over 25 H.P.), this method of starting is often used. This method can be used for both star and delta connected motors.
What is Star-delta starting method of starting of 3 phase induction motor?
The stator winding of the motor is designed for delta operation and is connected in star during the starting period. When the machine is up to speed, the connections are changed to delta. The circuit arrangement for star-delta starting is shown below:
clip_image002[7]
The six leads of the stator windings are connected to the changeover switch as shown. At the instant of starting, the changeover switch is thrown to “Start” position which connects the stator windings in star. Therefore, each stator phase gets  image volts where V is the line voltage. This reduces the starting current. When the motor picks up speed, the changeover switch is thrown to “Run” position which connects the stator windings in delta. Now each stator phase gets full line voltage V.
Explain in details the Starting of Slip-Ring Motors?
Slip-ring motors are invariably started by rotor resistance starting. In this method, a variable star-connected rheostat is connected in the rotor circuit through slip rings and full voltage is applied to the stator winding as shown in Fig.
clip_image002[10]
At starting, the handle of rheostat is set in the OFF position so that maximum resistance is placed in each phase of the rotor circuit. This reduces the starting current and at the same time starting torque is increased.
As the motor picks up speed, the handle of rheostat is gradually moved in clockwise direction and cuts out the external resistance in each phase of the rotor circuit. When the motor attains normal speed, the change-over switch is in the ON position and the whole external resistance is cut out from the rotor circuit.
What are the advantages of slip-ring induction motors over the squirrel cage motors?
  (i) High starting torque with low starting current.
(ii) Smooth acceleration under heavy loads.
(iii) No abnormal heating during starting.
(iv) Good running characteristics after external rotor resistances are cut out. (v) Adjustable speed

Is there any disadvantage of slip-ring motors?
(i) The initial and maintenance costs are greater than those of squirrel cage motors.
(ii) The speed regulation is poor when run with resistance in the rotor circuit
 
 
 
 
 
















































THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR INTERVIEW QUESTIONS 1

 

What is the Three Phase induction motor Working Principle?

Like any electric motor, a 3-phase induction motor has a stator and rotor. The stator carries a 3-phase winding (called stator winding) while the rotor carries a short circuited winding (called rotor wind­ing). Only the stator winding is fed from 3-phase supply. The rotor winding derives its voltage and power from the externally energized stator winding through electromagnetic induction and hence the name acquired. The induction motor may be considered to be a transformer with a rotating secondary and it can, therefore, be described as a "transformer-type" a.c. machine in which electrical energy is con­verted into mechanical energy.

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What are the advantages and disadvantages of three phase induction motor?

Advantages are:

(i) It has simple and rugged construction.

(ii) It is relatively cheap.

(iii) It requires little maintenance.

(iv) It has high efficiency and reasonably good power factor.

(v) It has self-starting torque.

Disadvantages are:

(i) It is essentially a constant speed motor and its speed cannot be changed easily.

(ii) Its starting torque is inferior to d.c. shunt motor.

 

Describe the construction of a three phase motor?

A 3-phase induction motor has two main parts (i) stator and (ii) rotor. The rotor is separated from the stator by a small air-gap which ranges from 0.4 mm to 4 mm, depending on the power of the motor.

clip_image002

 

With what material the Stator of three phase induction motor is made?

It consists of a steel frame which encloses a hollow, cylindrical core made up of thin laminations of sili­con steel to reduce hysteresis and eddy current loss. A num­ber of evenly spaced slots are provided on the inner periph­ery of the laminations. The insulated conductors are placed

in the stator slots and are suitably connected to form a balanced 3-phase star or delta connected circuit. The 3-phase WINDING stator winding is wound for a definite number of poles as per requirement of speed.

What is the effect of no. of poles on speed of motor?

Greater the number of poles, lesser is the speed of the motor and vice-versa. When 3-phase supply is given to the stator winding, a rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude is produced. This rotating field induces currents in the rotor by electromagnetic induction.

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With what material the rotor of 3 phase motor is made?

Rotor. The rotor, mounted on a shaft, is a hollow laminated core having slots on its outer periphery.

In which motor both stator and rotor winding are connected to voltage source?

In d.c. motor where both stator winding (i.e., field winding) and the rotor winding (i.e., armature winding) are connected to a voltage source.

What are the major types of Rotor Winding placed in 3 phase induction motor?

The winding placed in these slots (called rotor winding) may be one of the following two type :

(1) Squirrel cage type

(ii) Wound type

 

Differentiate between Squirrel cage type rotor and Wound type rotor?

Squirrel cage rotor consists of a laminated cylindrical core having parallel slots on its outer periphery. One copper or aluminum bar is placed in each slot. All these bars are joined at each end by metal rings called end rings. This forms a permanently short-circuited winding which is indestructible. The entire construction (bars and end rings) resembles a. squirrel cage and hence the name. The rotor is not connected electrically to the supply but has current induced in it by transformer action from the stator.

While wound rotor consists of a laminated cylindrical core and carries a 3-phase winding, similar to the one on the stator.

How rotor windings are connected to supply and why wound rotor type is preferred to squirrel cage type induction motor?

The rotor winding is uniformly distributed in the slots and is usually star-connected. The open ends of the rotor winding are brought out and joined to three insulated slip rings mounted on the rotor shaft with one brush resting on each slip ring. The three brushes are connected to a 3-phase star-connected rheostat. At starting, the external resistances are included in the rotor circuit to give a large starting torque. These resistances are gradually re­duced to zero as the motor runs up to speed. The external resistances are used during starting period only. When the motor attains normal speed, the three brushes are short-circuited so that wound rotor runs like a squirrel cage rotor.

What do you mean by squirrel cage induction motors?

Those induction motors which employ squirrel cage rotor are called squirrel cage induction motors. Most of 3-phase induction motors use squirrel cage rotor as it has a remarkably simple and robust construction enabling it to operate in the most adverse circumstances.

Why the starting torque of Squirrel cage induction motor is LOW?

It suffers from the disadvantage of a low starting torque. It is because the rotor bars are permanently short-circuited and it is not possible to add any external resistance to the rotor circuit to have a large starting torque.

 

How Rotating Magnetic Field is produced in three phase induction motor?

When a 3-phase winding is energized from a 3-phase supply, a rotating magnetic field is produced. This field is such that its poles do not remain in a fixed position on the stator but go on shifting their positions around the stator. For this reason, it is called a rotating field.

 

What is Synchronous speed?

speed at which the revolving flux rotates is called synchronous speed (Ns). its value depends upon the number of poles and the supply frequency.

Since revolutions per second is equal to the revolutions per minute (Ns) divided
by 60 and the number of cycles per second is the frequency f,
NS=(120F)/P.

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Magnetic flux is said to rotate at synchronous speed why?


The speed of the rotating magnetic field is the same as the speed of the alternator that is supplying power to the motor if the two have the same number
of poles. Hence the magnetic flux is said to rotate at synchronous speed.

Please draw the Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor

in case of a transformer, the approximate equivalent circuit of an induction motor is obtained by shifting the shunt branch (Rc Xm) to the input terminals . This step has been taken on the assumption that voltage drop in R1 and X1 is small and the terminal voltage V1 does not appreciably differ from the induced voltage E1. Fig shows the approximate equivalent circuit per phase of an induction motor where all values have been referred to primary (i.e., stator).

clip_image002[1]

Tuesday 27 September 2011

Transformers Short Interview Questions 2

What are the advantages of oil over air as a cooling medium in transformers ?
Ans. For large transformers, oil cooling is needed, especially when high voltages are in use. Oil-cooled transformers must be enclosed in steel tanks. Oil has the following advantages over air as a cooling medium :
(i) It has greater specific heat than air so that it will absorb larger quantities of heat for the same temperature rise.
(ii) It has greater conductivity than air and enables the heat to be transferred to the oil more quickly.
(iii) The breakdown strength of oil used for cooling is about six times that of air. Thus it provides very good insulation and ensures increased reliability at high voltages.
Illustrate the impedance matching property of a transformer with a resistive load.
Ans. The maximum power transfer theorem states that in order to transfer maximum power from a source to a load, the load resistance (or impedance) should be equal to internal resistance (or impedance) of the source. Let us illustrate it with a practical example. Suppose we have a source of 50 V (= VT) with internal resistance of 5 kQ. We want this source to transfer maxi­mum power to a load of 200 Q. For this purpose, we shall connect the source through a transformer of suitable turn ratio (NI/N2) to the load of 200 Q.
Illustrate impedance matching property of a transformer with a capacitive load.
Ans. When the source has actual internal impedance (inductive or capacitive) rather than internal resistance, the situation is slightly different. For maximum power transfer, the load imped­ance must be conjugate of the internal impedance of source. Conjugate means that phase angle of the load impedance must be equal in magnitude but of the opposite sign to the inter­nal impedance of the source and that the magnitude of the two impedances must be equal
 
What is a current transformer
Ans. A current transformer is a device that is used to measure high alternating current in a conductor, Fig illustrates the principle of a current transformer. The conductor carrying-large current passes through a cir­cular laminated iron core. The conductor constitutes a one-turn primary winding.. The secondary winding consists of a large number of turns of much fine wire wrapped around the core as shown.
Due to transformer action, the secondary current is transformed to a low value which can be measured by ordinary meters.
clip_image003
 
 A current transformer must never be operated with its secondary winding open-circuited. Explain.
Ans. It is because when there is no secondary current to oppose the core flux generated by the primary, a serious overheating of the core can occur. Secondly, it is also possible that the secondary open-circuit voltage may reach a dangerously high level.

What is a potential transformer ?
Ans. It is a device that is used to measure high alternating voltage. It is essentially a step down transformer having small number of secondary turns The high alternating Supply voltage to be measured is connected directly across the pri­mary. The low voltage winding (secondary winding) is con­nected to the voltmeter. The power rating of a potential transformer is small (seldom exceeds 300 W) since voltmeter is the only load on the transformer.
The.primary of potential transformer is connected directly across the high-voltage mains. The indication of the voltmeter multiplied by the ratio of primary to secondary turns of potential transformer is the high voltage value, The ratio of primary to secondary turns is usually marked on the nameplate as a multiplier. The primary of the current transformer is connected in series with the load. The indication of ammeter multiplied by the ratio of secondary to primary turns of current transformer gives the value of load current.
















Saturday 24 September 2011

Transformers Short Interview Questions 1

  • Why do we represent leakage flux in a transformer by inductive reactance?

Ans. In a actual transformer, there is primary leakage flux as well as secondary leakage flux. The primary leakage flux is the flux which links with the primary but not with the secondary. Similarly, the secondary leakage flux is the flux which links with the secondary but not with the primary winding. Since leakage flux links with only one winding, it produces an induced. e.m.f. in that winding. It is, therefore, equivalent to a small inductance in series with that winding.

  • Why is the efficiency of a transformer not determined by direct loading ?

Ans, The efficiency of a transformer is not determined by direct loading as this method has the following disadvantages :

(i) It requires a large supply of power and a means of dissipating it.

(ii) It gives no information regarding the proportions of various losses.

In practice, the efficiency of a transformer is determined by two simple tests viz., open-circuit test and short-circuit test.

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  • What are the advantages of open and short-circuit tests on a transformer ?

Ans. The efficiency of a transformer is always determined by open-circuit and short-circuit tests due to the following reasons :

(i) The power required to carry out these tests is very small .

(ii) These tests give the core loss and copper losses separately.

  • What are the advantages of back to back test in determining the efficiency of a transformer ?

Ans. In this method, the efficiency of a transformer is determined by putting it under full-load conditions and yet the power demand is small. This test requires two identical transformers (or, even number of identical transformers). The primary windings are connected in parallel and supplied at normal voltage and frequency and the secondary windings are connected in series opposition and supplied through a variable voltage regulator. The method offers the following advantages :

(i) The transformers are tested under full-load conditions and yet the power demand is small.

(ii) The losses can be determined very accurately.

(iii) Two large transformers can be put under full-load conditions for several hours, so that the temperature rise can be measured, with an expenditure of energy equal to that re­quired for losses only.

  • Why are iron losses constant at all loads in a transformer ?

Ans. Since the induced primary ampere-turns and secondary ampere-turns always neutralize one another, the flux in the core on load is the same as the flux on no load. Hence, the iron losses are constant and are independent of load.

  • What is the difference between power transformers and distribution transformers ?

Ans. Those transformers installed at the sending or receiving end of long high-voltage transmission lines are the power transformers. The distribution transformer (generally pole mounted) are those installed in the localities of the city to provide utilization voltage at the consumer termi­nals.

(i) Power transformers generally operate at nearly full-load. However, distribution trans­formers operate at light loads during major part of the day.

(ii) The performance of a power transformer is generally judged from commercial efficiency whereas the performance of a distribution transformer is judged from all-day efficiency

(iii) The rating of a power transformer is many times greater than that of a distribution trans­former.

  • What would happen if a power transformer designed for operation on 50 Hz is  connected to a 500 Hz source of the same voltage ?

Ans. Power transformers are made to operate on one particular frequency, usually 50 Hz. If the frequency is too high, the inductive reactance of the primary will prevent the primary from drawing sufficient power. The hysteresis and eddy current losses will be excessive.

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  • What would happen if a power transformer designed for operation on 50 Hz were connected to a 5 Hz source of the same voltage ?

Ans. Power transformers are made to operate on one particular frequency, usually 50 Hz. If the frequency is too low, the primary will have insufficient reactance and too much primary current will flow, producing considerable copper losses. The transformer may start to smoke.

  • If part of a primary winding of a transformer were accidentally short-circuited, what would be the immediate effect ?

Ans. If a few turns of the primary of a transformer short out for some reason, a high current will be induced in the turns, producing excessive heat in the transformer. This is not only because of the 'shorted turns' heating but also because of the cancellation of the inductance of the pri­mary by the magnetic field set up by the shorted turns. Cancellation of the inductance de­creases the inductive reactance of the primary and excessive primary current flows. This causes excessive heat in the transformer.

  • Why are autotransformers not safe for supplying a low-voltage from a high-voltage source ?

Ans. Autotransformers are not safe for supplying a low voltage form a high voltage source. It is because if the winding that is common to both primary and secondary accidentally becomes open-circuited, the full primary voltage will appear across the secondary. This may cause severe shock to the operating personnel.

  • What functions are performed by instrument transformers ?

 

Ans. Instrument transformers perform two functions viz.

(i) they act as ratio devices, making possible the use of standard low-voltage and low-current meters and instruments.

(ii) they act as insulating devices to protect the apparatus and operating personnel from high voltages.

There are two types of instrument transformers viz., potential transformers and current transformers:

  • What are the advantages and disadvantages of 3-phase transformer over 3 single-phase bank of transformers ?

Ans. Advantages of 3-phase transformers over 3 single-phase bank of transformers are :

(i) less cost

(ii) less weight

(iii) requires less space

(iv) somewhat higher efficiency

Disadvantages of 3-phase transformers over 3-single-phase bank of transformers are :

(i) greater cost of standby units

(ii) increased cost and inconvenience of repairs

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Basic Electrical Engineering Interview Questions 5

  • What does Bode Plots shows?
Bode plots are a graphical way to display the behavior of a circuit over a wide range of frequencies. By plotting the amplitude and phase versus the logarithm of frequency, each unit of change on the ω axis is equal to a factor of 10 also called a decade of frequency. Also, there may be a wide distribution in the amplitude response over a specified range of frequencies. The usual way is to plot the amplitude in dB and phase in degrees or radians versus the logarithm of frequency.
  • Differentiate between Low Pass, High pass and Band Pass filter?
Filters form a vital part in electrical networks especially where a particular frequency range is of prime concern. For instance, a radio station is broadcasting a transmission at a frequency of 100 MHz. This means that it is required to design a receiving filter which allows only 100 MHz frequency to pass hrough whilst other frequencies are filtered out. An ideal filter will attenuate all signals with frequencies less than and greater than 100 MHz thus providing the best channel sound quality without any distortion.
Low Pass Filter
A low pass Filter allows low frequencies to pass through the circuit whereas high frequencies are severely attenuated or blocked.
High Pass Filter
A high pass filter, as the name suggests, allows high frequencies to pass through the circuit whilst low frequencies are attenuated or blocked. The cut-off point or bandwidth concept is the same as in the low pass filter.
Band Pass Filter
A band pass filter permits a certain band of frequencies to pass through the network which is adjusted by the designer. It is simply an amalgamation of a low pass and a high pass filter.
  • What is Corkscrew Rule?
As current flows along a wire, the magnetic field rotates in the direction of a corkscrew.
  • What does Ampere turns shows?
mmf A coil of N turns carrying a current I amps gives an mmf of N I ampere turns In a vacuum, a magnetizing force of 1 ampere turn / metre produces a magnetic field of 1.26*10^-6 tesla.
  • Differentiate between Magnetic field and Magnetic Flux?
Magnetic field is B = µ H where B is in tesla and H = 1.26 x 10-6 times ampere turns/metre MMF in a solenoid of N turns and current I mmf = (4 m / 10) N I Gilberts.
Whereas Magnetic flux ø= B A where ø is in weber, B is in tesla and A is in square meters.
Magnetic flux in a uniform closed magnetic circuit, length L meters and cross section A square meters is
=1.26NItAx10^-6/Lweber.
  • What is Force on a conductor in a magnetic field ?
F = B I L Newtons where B in tesla, I in amps and L in meters
  • What is force on parallel conductors ?
F = [2 I2 / d] 10-' Newtons/meter where I is in amps and d is in meters With currents in opposite directions, the force is pushing the conductors apart
  • What do you mean by Pull of Electromagnet?
Pu11= B2 107 / (8 ) Newtons per m2 of magnet force where B is in tesla
  •  How would you calculate Power loss in a resistor?
W = I2 R = V2 / R
  • At what factor Resistance R of a conductor depends?
R = p L (1 + αT) / A ohms where p is resistivity in ohms per cm cube, L cm is the length, A in cm2 is the cross sectional area, α is temp co-efficient and T is the temperature in degrees Celsius.
Several sources give Copper p = 1.7 * 10-6 ohms per cm cube and α = 0.004. At very low Temperatures, the resistance of some materials falls to zero
  • Differentiate between Kirchhoff’s First law and Kirchhoff’s Second law?
Kirchhoff’s First law is the total current leaving a point on an electrical circuit = total current entering
Kirchhoff’s Second law The sum of the voltages round any circuit = net "I R" drop in the circuit
  • Differentiate between Induced emf and Self inductance?
Induced emf , E = - N dø/dt where E is in volts, N is number of turns and dø/dt is in Wb/sec This equation is the foundation on which Electrical Engineering is based.
Whereas Self Inductance E = - L dI/dt where E is in volts, L is inductance in henneries and dI/dt is in amps/sec Self inductance of a coil wound on a ring of permeability is L = 1.26 N2 μ A / S x 10-6 Henneries where N is number of turns, A is cross sectional area in m2 and S meters is the length of the magnetic circuit. Experimental results for a coil of length S meters, diameter d meters and radial thickness t meters with at core indicate L = 3 d2 N2 / (1.2 d + 3.5 S + 4 t) micro Henneries. (t = 0 for a single layer coil).
  • How to calculate Energy stored in an inductance?
Energy stored =1/2 L I2 Joules where L is in henries and I is in amps
  • How to calculate Energy stored in a capacitance
= 1/2 C V2 Joules where C is in farads and V in voltsclip_image001
  • At what base you will tell the direction of rotation of DC Motors and Generators?

Motors obey the left hand rule and generators the right hand rule
clip_image003 clip_image005


























Basic Electrical Engineering Interview Questions 4

  • What is Maximum Power Transfer Theorem?

    As discussed in the section on Th´evenin’s theorem, any DC network of sources and resistances can be replaced by a single voltage source in series with a resistance connected across the load:

    The maximum power transfer theorem states that the power delivered to the load is maximum when the load resistance, RL is equal to the internal (source) resistance, Rs of the DC power supply.

    In other words, it can be said that the load resistance must match the Th´evenin’s resistance for maximum power transfer to take place i.e.,
    (Rs = RTH )= RL
    When this occurs, the voltage across the load resistance will be Vs/2 and the power delivered to the load is given by

    image

    which clearly demonstrates maximum power delivered when Rs = RL. Under this condition, the maximum power will be:

    image

  • Define Super node?

A supernode exists when an ideal voltage source appears between any two nodes of an electric circuit. The usual way to solve this is to write KCL equations for both nodes and simply add them together into one equation ignoring the voltage source in question. However, this would mean one less equation than the number of variables (node voltages) present in the circuit. A constraint equation can be easily specified given by the magnitude of the ideal voltage source present between the nodes and the respective node voltages. The following example will help clarify this scenario.

  • What does the term Supermesh means?

A supermesh exists when an ideal current source appears between two meshes of an electric circuit. In such a situation, like supernode, mesh equations are written for the meshes involved and added giving a single equation. Again, there would be one less equation than the number of variables (mesh currents) and hence a constraint equation is needed. This would be based on the magnitude of the ideal current source present between the two meshes and their mesh currents.

  • What do you mean by Phasors?

Addition of two out-of-phase sinusoidal signals is rather complicated in the time domain. An example could be the sum of voltages across a series connection of a resistor and an inductor.
Phasors simplify this analysis by considering only the amplitude and phase components of the sine wave. Moreover, they can be solved using complex algebra or treated vectorially using a vector diagram.

  • What does the term Power Factor shows?

The term cos φ is called the power factor and is an important parameter in determining the amount of actual power dissipated in the load. In practice, power factor is used to specify the characteristics of a load.

For a purely resistive load φ =0 Degree, hence Unity Power Factor
For a capacitive type load I leads V , hence Leading power factor
For an inductive type load I lags V , hence Lagging power factor

Clearly, for a fixed amount of demanded power, P , at a constant load voltage, V , a higher power factor draws less amount of current and hence low I2R losses in the transmission lines. A purely reactive load where φ → 900 and cos φ → 0 will draw an excessively large amount of current and a power factor correction is required.

  • Differentiate between Real and Apparent Power?

It is important to highlight that in AC circuits, the product of voltage and current yields the apparent power which is measured in volt-amperes or VA

KW which is also written ad Kilo-Watt is the real power that is actually converted to the useful work.

KVAR is also termed as Kilo-Volt Reactive this power is used for magnetic field excitation and flows back and forth between source and load.

Basic Electrical Engineering Interview Questions 3

  • What is Voltage Divider Rule?
Voltage divider rule provides a useful formula to determine the voltage across any resistor when two or more resistors are connected in series with a voltage source.
  • What is Kirchoff ’s Current Law (KCL)?
The algebraic sum of all the currents entering or leaving a node in an electric circuit is
equal to zero. In other words, the sum of currents entering is equal to the sum of currents leaving the node in an electric circuit.
  • What is Current Divider Rule (CDR)?
Current divider rule provides a useful relationship for determining the current through individual circuit elements that are connected in parallel.
  • What is Superposition Theorem?
Superposition theorem is extremely useful for analyzing electric circuits that contains two or more active sources. In such cases, the theorem considers each source separately to evaluate the current through or voltage across a component. The resultant is given by the algebraic sum of all currents or voltages caused by each source acting independently. Superposition theorem can be formally stated
as follows:

“The current through or voltage across any element in a linear circuit containing several sources is the algebraic sum of the currents or voltages due to each source acting alone, all other sources being removed at that time.”
  • Please elaborate Th´evenin’s Theorem?
Th´evenin’s theorem provides a useful tool when solving complex and large electric circuits by reducing them to a single voltage source in series with a resistor. It is particularly advantageous where a single resistor or load in a circuit is subject to change. Formally, the Th´evenin’s theorem can be stated as:

“Any two-terminal linear electric circuit consisting of resistors and sources, can be re-placed by an equivalent circuit containing a single voltage source in series with a resistor connected across the load.”
he following steps outline the procedure to simplify an electric circuit using Th´evenin’s theorem
where VTH and RTH are the Th´evenin’s voltage and Th´evenin’s resistance respectively.
1. Remove the load resistance RL.
2. VTH is the open circuit (OC) voltage across the load terminals and
3. RTH is the resistance across the load terminals with all sources replaced by their internal resistances.
  • State and define Norton’s Theorem?
Th´evenin’s equivalent circuit is a practical voltage source. In contrast, Norton’s equivalent circuit is a practical current source. This can be formally stated as:

“Any two-terminal, linear circuit, of resistors and sources, can be replaced by a single
current source in parallel with a resistor.”

To determine Norton’s equivalent circuit, Norton current, IN , and Norton resistance, RN , are required. The following steps outline the procedure required:

1. Remove the load resistance, RL.
2. IN is the SC current through the load terminals and
3. RN is the resistance across the load terminals with all sources replaced by their internal resistances. Clearly RN = RTH .
  • What is the method to solve circuit using Source Transformation?
In an electric circuit, it is often convenient to have a voltage source rather than a current source (e.g. in mesh analysis) or vice versa. This is made possible using source transformations. It should be noted that only practical voltage and current sources can be transformed. In other words, a Th´evenin’s equivalent circuit is transformed into a Norton’s one or vice versa. The parameters used in the source
transformation are given as follows.
Th´evenin parameters: VTH ,RTH =⇒ RN = RTH ,IN = VTH/RTH
Norton parameters: IN ,RN =⇒ RTH = RN ,VTH = RN IN
Any load resistance, RL will have the same voltage across, and current through it when connected across the terminals of either source.

Basic Electrical Engineering Interview Questions 2

  • Briefly explain the purpose of Inductor in an electric circuit?
An inductor is a piece of conducting wire generally wrapped around a core of a ferromagnetic material. Like capacitors, they are employed as filters as well but the most well known application is their use in AC transformers or power supplies that converts AC voltage levels.
  • What do you mean by dependent and independent voltage sources?
In general, there are two main types of DC sources
1. Independent (Voltage and Current) Sources
2. Dependent (Voltage and Current) Sources

An independent source produces its own voltage and current through some chemical reaction and does not depend on any other voltage or current variable in the circuit.
The output of a dependent source, on the other hand, is subject to a certain parameter (voltage or current) change in a circuit element. Herein, the discussion shall be confined to independent sources only.
  • Differentiate between ideal and non-ideal voltage sources?
The Ideal Voltage Source An ideal voltage source which has a terminal voltage which is independent of the variations in load. In other words, for an ideal voltage source, the supply current alters with changes in load but the terminal voltage, VL always remains constant.Non-Ideal or Practical Voltage Source For a practical source, the terminal voltage falls off with an increase in load current.
  • What does the term “Voltage Regulation” means?
Voltage regulation (VR) is an important measure of the quality of a source. It is used to measure the variation in terminal voltage between no load (IL =0, open circuit) and full load (IL = IFL)
  • What is DC Current source? Differentiate between ideal and non ideal current sources?
A current source, unlike the DC voltage source, is not a physical reality. How ever,   it i s useful in deriving equivalent circuit models of semiconductor devices such as a transistor. It can also be subdivided
into ideal and non-ideal categories.
The Ideal Current Source By definition, an ideal current source, that produces a current which is independent of the variations in load. In other words the current supplied by an ideal current source does not change with the load voltage.
Non-Ideal or Practical Current Source The current delivered by a practical current source falls off with an increase in load or load voltage.
  • What id difference between power and energy?
Energy is defined as the capacity of a physical system to perform work. In the context of electric circuits, energy (w) is related to power by the following relationship
p = vi =dw/dt
So the difference is that power is the rate of change of energy.

Basic Electrical Engineering Interview Questions 1

 

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Basic Electrical Engineering Interview Question Set 2

Basic Electrical Engineering Interview Question Set 3

Basic Electrical Engineering Interview Question Set 4

Basic Electrical Engineering Interview Question Set 5

 
 
 
What is Current?
Current can be defined as the motion of charge through a conducting material. The unit of current is Ampere whilst charge is measured in Coulombs.
Please define Ampere
The quantity of total charge that passes through an arbitrary cross section of a conducting material per unit second is defined as an Ampere.”
Mathematically,
I =Q/t
or Q = It
where Q is the symbol of charge measured in Coulombs (C), I is the current in amperes (A) and t is the time in seconds (s).
Could you measure current in parallel?
No,Current is always measured through(in series with) a circuit element.
What Is the difference between Voltage or Potential Difference? And What are they?
Voltage or potential difference between two points in an electric circuit is1V if 1J (Joule) of energy is expended in transferring 1 C of charge between those points.
It is generally represented by the symbol V and measured in volts (V). Note that the symbol and the unit of voltage are both denoted by the same letter, however, it rarely causes any confusion.
The symbol V also signifies a constant voltage (DC) whereas a time-varying (AC) voltage is represented by the symbol v or v(t)
Could you measure Voltage in series?
No, Voltage is always measured across(in parallel with) a circuit element
How many Types of Circuit Loads are there in a Common Electrical Circuit?
A load generally refers to a component or a piece of equipment connected to the output of an electric circuit. In its fundamental form, the load is represented by any one or a combination of the following:
1. Resistor (R)
2. Inductor (L)
3. Capacitor (C)
A load can either be of resistive, inductive or capacitive nature or a blend of them. For example, a
light bulb is a purely resistive load where as a transformer is both inductive and resistive. A circuit
load can also be referred to as a sink since it dissipates energy whereas the voltage or current supply can be termed as a source.
 

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What are the different Sign Conventions used in electric circuits?
It is common to think of current as the flow of electrons. However, the standard convention is to take the flow of protons to determine the direction of the current.
In a given circuit, the current direction depends on the polarity of the source voltage. Current always flow from positive (high potential) side to the negative (low potential) side of the source as shown in the schematic diagram of Figure 2.4(a) where Vs is the source voltage, VL is the voltage across the load and I is the loop current flowing in the clockwise direction.
In Source current leaves from the positive terminal
In Load (Sink) current enters from the positive terminal
What do you mean by Passive Circuit Elements and why these are called Passive?
Passive Circuit Elements:
Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor
State and define Ohm’s Law?
It is the most fundamental law used in circuit analysis. It provides a simple formula describing the
voltage-current relationship in a conducting material.
Statement:
The current through a conducting material is directly proportional
to the voltage or potential difference across the material.
I ∝ V
V = RI or I =V/R
or R =V/I
where the constant of proportionality R is called the resistance or electrical resistance, measured in ohms (Ω).
Please Define Ohm’s Law for A.C(Alternating Current)?
Everything else would remain same only the resistance will be replaced with Impedance, which is defined as the opposition to the flow of A.C.
What is the function of Capacitor in Electrical Circuits?
A capacitor is a passive circuit element that has the capacity to store charge in an electric field. It is widely used in electric circuits in the form of a filter.
Why Inductors are installed in electrical Circuits?
An inductor is a piece of conducting wire generally wrapped around a core of a ferromagnetic material. Like capacitors, they are employed as filters as well but the most well known application is their use in AC transformers or power supplies that converts AC voltage levels.

Electrical Engineering Multiple Choice Questions and Answers